Intl MessageFormat
==================

Formats ICU Message strings with number, date, plural, and select placeholders to create localized messages.

[![npm Version][npm-badge]][npm]
[![Build Status][travis-badge]][travis]
[![Dependency Status][david-badge]][david]

[![Sauce Test Status][sauce-badge]][sauce]


Overview
--------

### Goals

This package aims to provide a way for you to manage and format your JavaScript app's string messages into localized strings for people using your app. You can use this package in the browser and on the server via Node.js.

This implementation is based on the [Strawman proposal][strawman], but there are a few places this implementation diverges.

_Note: This `IntlMessageFormat` API may change to stay in sync with ECMA-402, but this package will follow [semver][]._

### How It Works

Messages are provided into the constructor as a `String` message, or a [pre-parsed AST][parser] object.

```js
var msg = new IntlMessageFormat(message, locales, [formats]);
```

The string `message` is parsed, then stored internally in a compiled form that is optimized for the `format()` method to produce the formatted string for displaying to the user.

```js
var output = msg.format(values);
```

### Common Usage Example

A very common example is formatting messages that have numbers with plural labels. With this package you can make sure that the string is properly formatted for a person's locale, e.g.:

```js
var MESSAGES = {
    'en-US': {
        NUM_PHOTOS: 'You have {numPhotos, plural, ' +
            '=0 {no photos.}' +
            '=1 {one photo.}' +
            'other {# photos.}}'
    },

    'es-MX': {
        NUM_PHOTOS: 'Usted {numPhotos, plural, ' +
            '=0 {no tiene fotos.}' +
            '=1 {tiene una foto.}' +
            'other {tiene # fotos.}}'
    }
};

var output;

var enNumPhotos = new IntlMessageFormat(MESSAGES['en-US'].NUM_PHOTOS, 'en-US');
output = enNumPhotos.format({numPhotos: 1000});
console.log(output); // => "You have 1,000 photos."

var esNumPhotos = new IntlMessageFormat(MESSAGES['es-MX'].NUM_PHOTOS, 'es-MX');
output = esNumPhotos.format({numPhotos: 1000});
console.log(output); // => "Usted tiene 1,000 fotos."
```

### Message Syntax

The message syntax that this package uses is not proprietary, in fact it's a common standard message syntax that works across programming languages and one that professional translators are familiar with. This package uses the **[ICU Message syntax][ICU]** and works for all [CLDR languages][CLDR] which have pluralization rules defined.

### Features

* Uses industry standards: [ICU Message syntax][ICU] and [CLDR locale data][CLDR].

* Supports **plural**, **select**, and **selectordinal** message arguments.

* Formats numbers and dates/times in messages using [`Intl.NumberFormat`][Intl-NF] and [`Intl.DateTimeFormat`][Intl-DTF], respectively.

* Optimized for repeated calls to an `IntlMessageFormat` instance's `format()` method.

* Supports defining custom format styles/options.

* Supports escape sequences for message syntax chars, e.g.: `"\\{foo\\}"` will output: `"{foo}"` in the formatted output instead of interpreting it as a `foo` argument.


Usage
-----

### `Intl` Dependency

This package assumes that the [`Intl`][Intl] global object exists in the runtime. `Intl` is present in all modern browsers and there's work happening to [integrate `Intl` into Node.js][Intl-Node].

**Luckly, there's the [Intl.js][] polyfill!** You will need to conditionally load the polyfill if you want to support runtimes which `Intl` is not already built-in.

#### Loading Intl.js Polyfill in a browser

If the browser does not already have the `Intl` APIs built-in, the Intl.js Polyfill will need to be loaded on the page along with the locale data for any locales that need to be supported:

```html
<script src="intl/Intl.min.js"></script>
<script src="intl/locale-data/jsonp/en-US.js"></script>
```

_Note: Modern browsers already have the `Intl` APIs built-in, so you can load the Intl.js Polyfill conditionally, by for checking for `window.Intl`._

#### Loading Intl.js Polyfill in Node.js

Conditionally require the Intl.js Polyfill if it doesn't already exist in the runtime. As of Node <= 0.10, this polyfill will be required.

```js
if (!global.Intl) {
    require('intl');
}
```

_Note: When using the Intl.js Polyfill in Node.js, it will automatically load the locale data for all supported locales._

### Loading Intl MessageFormat in a browser

```html
<script src="intl-messageformat/intl-messageformat.min.js"></script>
```

By default, Intl MessageFormat ships with the locale data for English (`en`) built-in to the library's runtime. When you need to format data in another locale, include its data; e.g., for French:

```html
<script src="intl-messageformat/locale-data/fr.js"></script>
```

_Note: All 200+ languages supported by this package use their root BCP 47 language tag; i.e., the part before the first hyphen (if any)._

### Loading Intl MessageFormat in Node.js

Simply `require()` this package:

```js
var IntlMessageFormat = require('intl-messageformat');
```

_Note: in Node.js, the data for all 200+ languages is loaded along with the library._

### Public API

#### `IntlMessageFormat` Constructor
To create a message to format, use the `IntlMessageFormat` constructor. The constructor takes three parameters:

 - **message** - _{String | AST}_ - String message (or pre-parsed AST) that serves as formatting pattern.

 - **locales** - _{String | String[]}_ - A string with a BCP 47 language tag, or an array of such strings. If you do not provide a locale, the default locale will be used. When an array of locales is provided, each item and its ancestor locales are checked and the first one with registered locale data is returned. **See: [Locale Resolution](#locale-resolution) for more details.**

 - **[formats]** - _{Object}_ - Optional object with user defined options for format styles.

```js
var msg = new IntlMessageFormat('My name is {name}.', 'en-US');
```

#### Locale Resolution

`IntlMessageFormat` uses a locale resolution process similar to that of the built-in `Intl` APIs to determine which locale data to use based on the `locales` value passed to the constructor. The result of this resolution process can be determined by call the `resolvedOptions()` prototype method.

The following are the abstract steps `IntlMessageFormat` goes through to resolve the locale value:

* If no extra locale data is loaded, the locale will _always_ resolved to `"en"`.

* If locale data is missing for a leaf locale like `"fr-FR"`, but there _is_ data for one of its ancestors, `"fr"` in this case, then its ancestor will be used.

* If there's data for the specified locale, then that locale will be resolved; i.e.,

    ```js
    var mf = new IntlMessageFormat('', 'en-US');
    assert(mf.resolvedOptions().locale === 'en-US'); // true
    ```

* The resolved locales are now normalized; e.g., `"en-us"` will resolve to: `"en-US"`.

_Note: When an array is provided for `locales`, the above steps happen for each item in that array until a match is found._

#### `resolvedOptions()` Method

This method returns an object with the options values that were resolved during instance creation. It currently only contains a `locale` property; here's an example:

```js
var msg = new IntlMessageFormat('', 'en-us');
console.log(msg.resolvedOptions().locale); // => "en-US"
```

Notice how the specified locale was the all lower-case value: `"en-us"`, but it was resolved and normalized to: `"en-US"`.

#### `format(values)` Method

Once the message is created, formatting the message is done by calling the `format()` method on the instance and passing a collection of `values`:

```js
var output = msg.format({name: "Eric"});
console.log(output); // => "My name is Eric."
```

_Note: A value **must** be supplied for every argument in the message pattern the instance was constructed with._

#### User Defined Formats

Define custom format styles is useful you need supply a set of options to the underlying formatter; e.g., outputting a number in USD:

```js
var msg = new IntlMessageFormat('The price is: {price, number, USD}', 'en-US', {
    number: {
        USD: {
            style   : 'currency',
            currency: 'USD'
        }
    }
});

var output = msg.format({price: 100});
console.log(output); // => "The price is: $100.00"
```

In this example, we're defining a `USD` number format style which is passed to the underlying `Intl.NumberFormat` instance as its options.


Examples
--------

### Plural Label

This example shows how to use the [ICU Message syntax][ICU] to define a message that has a plural label; e.g., ``"You have 10 photos"``:

```
You have {numPhotos, plural,
    =0 {no photos.}
    =1 {one photo.}
    other {# photos.}
}
```

```js
var MESSAGES = {
    photos: '...', // String from code block above.
    ...
};

var msg = new IntlMessageFormat(MESSAGES.photos, 'en-US');

console.log(msg.format({numPhotos: 0}));    // => "You have no photos."
console.log(msg.format({numPhotos: 1}));    // => "You have one photo."
console.log(msg.format({numPhotos: 1000})); // => "You have 1,000 photos."
```

_Note: how when `numPhotos` was `1000`, the number is formatted with the correct thousands separator._


License
-------

This software is free to use under the Yahoo! Inc. BSD license.
See the [LICENSE file][LICENSE] for license text and copyright information.


[npm]: https://www.npmjs.org/package/intl-messageformat
[npm-badge]: https://img.shields.io/npm/v/intl-messageformat.svg?style=flat-square
[david]: https://david-dm.org/yahoo/intl-messageformat
[david-badge]: https://img.shields.io/david/yahoo/intl-messageformat.svg?style=flat-square
[travis]: https://travis-ci.org/yahoo/intl-messageformat
[travis-badge]: https://img.shields.io/travis/yahoo/intl-messageformat/master.svg?style=flat-square
[sauce]: https://saucelabs.com/u/intl-messageformat
[sauce-badge]: https://saucelabs.com/browser-matrix/intl-messageformat.svg
[strawman]: http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=globalization:messageformatting
[parser]: https://github.com/yahoo/intl-messageformat-parser
[ICU]: http://userguide.icu-project.org/formatparse/messages
[CLDR]: http://cldr.unicode.org/
[Intl]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Intl
[Intl-NF]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/NumberFormat
[Intl-DTF]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DateTimeFormat
[Intl-Node]: https://github.com/joyent/node/issues/6371
[Intl.js]: https://github.com/andyearnshaw/Intl.js
[rawgit]: https://rawgit.com/
[semver]: http://semver.org/
[LICENSE]: https://github.com/yahoo/intl-messageformat/blob/master/LICENSE